… is a legal framework originating in England that relies on judicial precedents rather than written statutes.
… refers to the legal obligation for one’s actions or inactions, which may lead to penalties, damages, or the requirement to compensate for harm caused.
Match the principles of law with its purposes:
Match the terms with their corresponding definitions:
The concept of "stare decisis" is most closely associated the legal system of ...
Match the words with their definitions:
Arrange the criminal justice process in the right order:
The first in a criminal case typically is a(n) ...
The primary source of law in a civil law system is ...
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a level of national law?
Civil law concerns disputes between:
This country is known for having an unwritten constitution:
Many countries distinguish between … law and public law.
… law states citizens' rights and duties and regulates relationships between different branches of the state.
Find a pair to make collocations:
The primary function of civil courts in the English legal system is ...
The type of law usually involved in cases brought before criminal courts is ...
There are … and criminal courts within the English legal system.
Put the steps of the judicial process in the correct order
The process of starting a claim in civil court is commonly called ...
The entity that typically starts criminal actions is ...
If the … is found guilty, the court can order punishment.
Match the words with their definitions:
Put the following steps in the correct order:
The tort of libel refers to ...
Order the steps in the process of filing a tort claim:
Read the dialogue and answer the question. There's only one correct answer.

Tom: John, I just read that there are hundreds of unique systems of law used around the world. It's crazy to think about all the different ways people interpret and enforce laws.
John: Yeah, it's fascinating how different societies can have such distinct legal systems. What did you find most interesting?
Tom: Well, according to this article, legal systems often evolve at two paces – gradual changes in response to societal attitudes, or rapid shifts due to major events like revolutions or conflicts. Can you imagine a complete overhaul of our legal system overnight?
John: It's definitely hard to wrap my head around. And geographical, historical, and political events can also shape a country's legal system.
Tom: Right! Like how in Western countries, Civil Law is the most prevalent type of legal system, tracing its origins back to the Roman Justinian code from the 6th century. But then other countries were influenced by the French Revolution and adopted the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law instead.
John: That's true. I've heard that even some African countries have Civil Law systems based on the Belgian influence during colonization.
Tom: Wow, I had no idea. These systems sound so complex.
John: Yes, they do. And all of them involve a national constitution, legislation, subordinate laws, traditions, and codes of laws. It's pretty impressive how these five elements come together to create a functioning legal system.
Tom: Absolutely. And it makes me appreciate the importance of having well-defined and enforced laws in our society.
John: Definitely. It may seem complicated, but ultimately, the goal is to maintain fairness and justice for everyone.

Question: Which historical event led to the creation of the Napoleonic Code of Civil Law?
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Text: James is a university student studying law in England. He is particularly interested in understanding the differences between civil and criminal courts, as well as the structure of the legal system, including appeals and tribunals. After attending a guest lecture on the topic, he reflects on the advantages of having a case head in the Crown Court and how appeals work.

Question: Which of the following statements corr